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Background@#Orofacial clefts (OFCs) comprise a wide range of malformations, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft palate, which can vary in terms of etiology, severity, and disease burden. @*Objective@#(s)This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between various risk factors and orofacial cleft disorder spectrum in newborns.Study designA total of 323 cases and 400 controls were enrolled in this study and evaluated in terms of the maternal history of abortion or miscarriage, child’s sex, maternal and paternal age, maternal history of systemic disease, history of medication therapy during pregnancy, birth order, consanguineous marriage, and complications during pregnancy. @*Results@#Analysis of the results suggested that consanguineous marriage, a maternal history of abortion/miscarriage, and complications during pregnancy could potentially increase the risk of OFCs in children (P 0.05). @*Conclusion@#(s)Multiple cofactors may simultaneously contribute to the formation of such abnormalities; therefore, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary care program is necessary to ensure a successful pregnancy period and the birth of a healthy newborn.
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Background@#Orofacial clefts (OFCs) comprise a wide range of malformations, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft palate, which can vary in terms of etiology, severity, and disease burden. @*Objective@#(s)This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between various risk factors and orofacial cleft disorder spectrum in newborns.Study designA total of 323 cases and 400 controls were enrolled in this study and evaluated in terms of the maternal history of abortion or miscarriage, child’s sex, maternal and paternal age, maternal history of systemic disease, history of medication therapy during pregnancy, birth order, consanguineous marriage, and complications during pregnancy. @*Results@#Analysis of the results suggested that consanguineous marriage, a maternal history of abortion/miscarriage, and complications during pregnancy could potentially increase the risk of OFCs in children (P 0.05). @*Conclusion@#(s)Multiple cofactors may simultaneously contribute to the formation of such abnormalities; therefore, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary care program is necessary to ensure a successful pregnancy period and the birth of a healthy newborn.
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Background: Pain is a common complaint among the aging population, particularly among the older residents of nursing homes.
Aims: The main aim of the study was to examine the pain characteristics among older residents of nursing homes in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 394 older adults admitted to Tehran nursing homes. To gather the required data, Brief Pain Inventory and Abbreviated Mental Test score were used.
Results: 51% of the female and 26% of the male participants suffered from pain. Lower extremity and lower part of back were the most frequently affected. Pain interfered with general activity [P < 0.001], mood [P = 0.016], walking [P < 0.001], normal work [P < 0.001], relations with others [P = 0.043], sleeping [P = 0.002] and enjoyment of life [P = 0.019] of the older residents and these effects were more prominent in female sex. Factors such as age, gender and schooling were of significant relationships with pain [P < 0.001] and its intensity [P <0.001].
Conclusions: Chronic pain is common among older residents of nursing homes and deteriorates their quality of life. This study reconfirms the previously mentioned importance of using effective pain evaluation and pain management strategies in nursing homes.
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of the thickness and shade of 3 types of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 specimens of 2 shades (A1 and A3) and 2 thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) were fabricated using VITA Mark II (VM; VITA Zahnfabrik), IPS e.max CAD (IE; IvoclarVivadent), and VITA Suprinity (VS; VITA Zahnfabrik) (n = 10 per subgroup). The amount of light transmission through the ceramic specimens was measured by a radiometer (Optilux, Kerr). Light-cured resin cement samples (Choice 2, Bisco) were fabricated in a Teflon mold and activated through the various ceramics with different shades and thicknesses using an LED unit (Bluephase, IvoclarVivadent). In the control group, the resin cement sample was directly light-cured without any ceramic. Vickers microhardness indentations were made on the resin surfaces (KoopaPazhoohesh) after 24 hours of dark storage in a 37°C incubator. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Ceramic thickness and shade had significant effects on light transmission and the microhardness of all specimens (p < 0.05). The mean values of light transmittance and microhardness of the resin cement in the VM group were significantly higher than those observed in the IE and VS groups. The lowest microhardness was observed in the VS group, due to the lowest level of light transmission (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Greater thickness and darker shades of the 3 types of CAD/CAM ceramics significantly decreased the microhardness of the underlying resin cement.
Subject(s)
Ceramics , Curing Lights, Dental , Fungi , Hardness , In Vitro Techniques , Incubators , Polytetrafluoroethylene , Resin CementsABSTRACT
Objective/background: Clostridium difficile infection [CDI] is a potential complication during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT], and no specific recommendations exist regarding treatment of CDI in allogeneic SCT patients. Use of metronidazole and oral vancomycin has been associated with clinical failure. Fidaxomicin has previously been found noninferior to the use of oral vancomycin for the treatment of CDI, and no studies have compared the use of oral
vancomycin with fidaxomicin for the treatment of CDI in allogeneic SCT
Methods: This retrospective chart review included 96 allogeneic SCT recipients who developed CDI within 100 days following transplantation. Participants were treated with oral vancomycin [n = 52] or fidaxomicin [n = 44]. The primary outcome was clinical cure, defined as no need for further retreatment 2 days following completion of initial CDI treatment. Secondary outcomes were global cure, treatment failure, and recurrent disease
Results: No differences in clinical cure were observed between patients receiving oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin [75% vs. 75%, p = 1.00]. Secondary outcomes were similar between oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin in regards to global cure [66% vs. 67%, p = .508], treatment failure [28% vs. 27%, p = .571], and recurrent disease [7% vs. 5%, p = .747]. In a subanalysis of individuals that developed acute graft-versus-host disease following CDI, the difference in mean onset of acute graft-versus-host disease was 21.03 days in the oral vancomycin group versus 32.88 days in the fidaxomicin group [p = .0031]
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin are comparable options for CDI treatment in allogeneic SCT patients within 100 days following transplant
ABSTRACT
Constipation is one of the most common complaints of children and a common cause of referrals to pediatricians. Numerous reasons for this disease have been mentioned in the Iranian traditional medicine (ITM). It is believed that this disorder is mostly due to the lack of consideration of the six essential principles (Setteh-ye-Zarurieah), which are necessary to maintain health and prevent disease. In this descriptive study we collected and classified the concepts related to the topic by reviewing reliable ITM text books. Scientific databases were also searched for the most commonly used herbs in the treatment of constipation. The results showed that, from the perspective of ITM, the first step in treating constipation in children is making lifestyle changes. This includes giving appropriate training in the six essential principles, and making modification in existing habits where necessary. In the next steps, using some herbal remedies for topical or oral administration is recommended. On the other hand, a few clinical trials have been done concerning the effects of herbal medicines on pediatric constipation. Therefore, ITM's preventive and curative strategies can provide an efficient and cost-effective way to address constipation in children. This study can serve as a preface to performing clinical studies in this field.
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Background and Objectives: Although several attempts have been made to decrease lipid profile through consumption of probiotic-containing products among pregnant women, limited data are available assessing the effects of synbiotic foods. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily consumption of a synbiotic Gaz on blood lipid profile and biomarkers of oxidative stress including plasma total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and total glutathione [GSH] in pregnant women
Materials and Methods: This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was performed on 52 primigravida pregnant women, aged 18-35 year old at their third trimester. After a 2 week run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a synbiotic [n=26] or control food [n=26] for 9 weeks. The synbiotic Gaz consisted of a probiotic viable and heat-resistant Lactobacillus sporogenes [1×107 CFU] and 0.04 g inulin /g as the prebiotic. Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic and control Gaz twice a day. Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profile, plasma total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and total glutathione [GSH] were conducted before and after 9 weeks of intervention
Results: Consumption of synbiotic Gaz for 9 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in serum TAG [P=0.04], VLDL [P=0.04] and a significant rise in plasma GSH levels [P=0.004] compared to the control Gaz. No significant effect of the synbiotic Gaz consumption on serum TC, LDL, HDL or plasma TAC levels were observed
Conclusion: Consumption of synbiotic Gaz for 9 weeks resulted in decreased serum triglycerides, VLDLcholesterol and increased plasma total GSH levels compared with the control Gaz among pregnant women
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Brain ischemia is one of the most important problems in the world and causes severe brain damages, especially in CA1 region of hippocampus. Calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil, have neuroprotective effects. This study was done to investigate neuroprotective effects of verapamil on the CA1 region of hippocampus in the male rat. This experimental study was conducted on 24 male adult Wistar male rats [250-300 g] that were divided into four groups: control, ischemia, vehicle and treatment. For induction of ischemia, both common carotid arteries were blocked for 20 minute followed by reperfusion. Verapamil [10 mg/kg] was administrated 1 hour before and after ischemia intraperitoneally in treatment group. The brains were dissected and processed for Nissl staining. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Tukey's tests. Data showed no significant difference between the number of viable pyramidal cells in CA1 region of hippocampus in control and 10 mg/kg verapamil treated groups, but number of pyramidal cells reduced in ischemia and vehicle groups and there was significant difference between these groups with control [P<0.05]. This study showed that the injection 10mg/kg of verapamil can reduce damaged cells in CA1 region of hippocampus in rats that were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia. It seems that administration of verapamil [l0mg/kg] decreases severity of neuronal damage in CA1 cells of hippocampus in rat following transient ischemia reperfusion
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In this study, tretinoin microemulsion has been formulated based on phase diagram studies by changing the amounts and proportions of inactive ingredients, such as surfactants, co-surfactants and oils. The effects of these variables have been determined on microemulsion formation, particle size of the dispersed phase and release profile of tretinoin from microemulsion through dialysis membrane. In released studies, static Franz diffusion cells mounted with dialysis membrane were used. Sampling was conducted every 3 h at room temperature over a period of 24 h. The amount of released drug was measured with UV-spectrophotometer and the percentage of drug released was calculated. Based on the results obtained, the oil phase concentration had a proportional effect on particle size which can consequently influence on drug release. The particle size and the amount of released drug were affected by the applied surfactants. The components of the optimized microemulsion formulation were 15% olive oil, 12% propylene glycol [as co-surfactant], 33% Tween 80 [as surfactant] and 40% distilled water, which was tested for viscosity and rheological behavior. The prepared tretinoin microemulsion showed pseudoplastic-thixotropic behavior. The profile of drug release follows zero order kinetics. The optimized tretinoin microemulsion showed enhanced in-vitro release profile compared to the commercial gels and creams
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Early diagnosis of hearing loss lead to early intervention and improvement of developmental skills of children with hearing loss. The present study aimed to determine the mean age of hearing loss diagnosis and cochlear implantation [CI] in hearing impaired children and to compare the age of performing cochlear implantation in children who were identified by newborn hearing screening with those who were not. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who received cochlear implantation in Amir-e-Alam cochlear implantation center between the years 2008 and 2010. For data gathering, we assessed subjects' medical archives, interviewed with their parents and took medical history including demographic information, birth history and hearing loss history. Mean age of hearing loss suspicion, diagnosis, hearing aids administration, Initiation of rehabilitation program, performing cochlear implantation and mean age when cochlear implantation was utilized were 6.73 [SD=5.79], 9.35 [SD=5.79], 13.41 [SD=6.10], 16 [SD=6.36], 41.25 [SD=11.12], and 42.15 [SD=11.00] months, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between them [p<0.05]. 43.8% of hearing impaired children had been identified by newborn hearing screening. There was statistically significant difference between cochlear implantation operation age of children who were identified by newborn hearing screening with those who were not [p<0.0001]. In spite of notable reduction in the age of hearing loss diagnosis and intervention during recent years, compared to international indices it is still tardy. Conducting newborn hearing screening can significantly reduce these ages.
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Although arsenite is toxic it is currently recommended for the treatment of malignancies. In this study the effects of sub-micromolar concentrations of sodium arsenite on the viability, morphology and mechanism of cell death of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [BMCs] over 21 days was investigated. In this experimental study, BMCs were extracted in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium [DMEM] containing 15% of fetal bovine serum [FBS] and expanded till the 3rd passage. The cells were treated with 1, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 nM of sodium arsenite for 21 days and the viability of the cells estimated using 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium [MTT] and trypan blue staining. Cells were then treated with the selected dose [25 nM] of sodium arsenite to determine their colony forming ability [CFA] and population doubling number [PDN]. Morphology of the cells was studied using florescent dyes, and the integrity of the DNA was investigated using the comet assay and agarose gel electrophoresis. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling [TUNEL] and the caspase 3 assay were then applied to understand the mechanism of cell death. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA, Tukey test. A significant reduction of viability, PDN and CFA was found following treatment of BMCs with 25 nM sodium arsenite [p<0.05]. Cytoplasm shrinkage and a significant decrease in the diameter of the nuclei were also seen. Comet assay and agarose gel electrophoresis revealed DNA breakage, while positive TUNEL and activated caspase 3 confirmed the apoptosis. A low concentration of sodium arsenite [25 nM] caused reduction of viability due to induction of apoptosis. Therefore, long term exposure to low dose of this chemical may have unwanted effects on BMCs
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Apoptosis , Cell Survival , Caspases , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Auditory memory plays an important role in developing language skills and learning. The aim of the present study was to assess auditory verbal memory and learning performance of 18-30 year old healthy adults using the Persian version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on seventy 18-30 year old healthy females with the mean age of 23.2 years and a standard deviation [SD] of 2.4 years. Different aspects of memory, like immediate recall, delayed recall, recognition, forgetting rate, interference and learning, were assessed using the Persian version of RAVLT. Mean score increased from 8.94 [SD=1.91] on the first trial to 13.70 [SD=1.18] on the fifth trial. Total learning mean score was 12.19 [SD=1.08], and mean learning rate was 4.76. Mean scores of the participants on the delayed recall and recognition trials were 13.47 [SD=1.2], and 14.72 [SD=0.53], respectively. The proactive and retroactive interference scores were 0.86 and 0.96, respectively. The forgetting rate score was 1.01 and the retrieval score was 0.90. The auditory-verbal memory and learning performance of healthy Persian-speaking females was similar to the performance of the same population in other countries. Therefore, the Persian version of RAVLT is valid for assessment of memory function in the Persian-speaking female population
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The term 'child development' is used to describe the skills acquired by children between birth and the age of 6 years. Development is rather an integrated process and impairment in one developmental milestone can affect other areas too. The goal of the present study was preparation and determination of validity and reliability of the "Newsha Developmental Scale" as an integrated scale for assessing developmental skills of Persian speaking children up to the age of six years. The Newsha developmental scale was created to thoroughly evaluate seven developmental domains in 13 age groups from birth to 72 months. It was based on the concerns of parents and nursery teachers about child development. In order to obtain the scores of normal population, 593 children in nurseries and health centers of Tehran were assessed. The children had no medical concern or confirmed disorders. With consideration of the age of each child, the score of minimum or higher in each developmental milestone was considered as the normal range. The test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability were measured. In addition, the content validity was assessed by ideas taken from 10 specialists in the field of child development and the content validity Index [CVI] was calculated. Also construct validity was considered by establishing the effect of age on test results. A correlation of more than 95% was shown in both test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities [P<0.001]. The CVI of various skills of the age groups was between 0.8 and 1, and construct validity revealed the effect of age on the test results. The gender difference was shown only in 6 items among 646 items of the scale [P<0.02]. The "Newsha Developmental Scale" is an integrated and comprehensive scale for evaluating the developmental process of children and identification of any probable delay in developmental abilities of children with Persian language up to 6 years of age
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Psychometrics , Speech , Child , Language , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cognition , Motor Skills , HearingABSTRACT
The objective of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate a contraceptive vagino-adhesive propranolol hydrochloride gel. To achieve this, various mucoadhesive polymers including guar gum [1-4% w/w], sodium alginate [4-7% w/w], xanthan gum [2-5% w/w], HPMC 4000 [3-5% w/w], Na CMC [4-7% w/w], carbomer 934 and carbomer 940 both in the range of 0.5-2.0% w/w, were dispersed in an aqueous-based solution containing the drug [1.6% w/w]. The mucoadhesive properties of the gels were assessed on sheep vaginal mucosa [as model mucosa] in pH 4.5 citrate-phosphate buffer at 37°C. Formulations containing charged functional groups in their polymeric structure, showed higher mucoadhesive strengths in comparison to those composed of neutral polymers. In-vitro drug release profiles of the gels were determined in pH 4.5 citrate-phosphate buffer. Results indicated that, only formulation F13 [containing sodium alginate 6.5% w/w], could release its drug over 12 h, with a burst release at the initial phase followed by a sustained release pattern. This formulation, which showed a good mucoadhesive strength [386.97 +/- 9.31 mN], was considered as the final formulation and underwent complementary tests including determination of drug content and duration of mucoadhesion. Its drug content was found to be 101.05 +/- 0.106% [n = 3] and it attached to the model mucosa for more than 10 h. In conclusion, formulation F13 was considered as the most desirable formulation as it exhibited appropriate mucoadhesive properties while having the potential of providing an immediate contraceptive effect, followed by a prolonged drug release which is assumed to render longer contraceptive efficacy
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Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and acoustically evoked short latency negative response are two non-cochlear responses with probably saccular origin. The present study was conducted to determine the percentage of presence and the relation between these two responses in children with hearing loss. Thirty children with profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss were studied. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials elicited by tone burst stimuli and acoustically evoked short latency negative response elicited by click stimuli were recorded. Both responses were recorded at air conduction threshold level monaurally via an internal receiver. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in 53.3% of children and acoustically evoked short latency negative response in 40.0% of cases were recorded. There was a significant correlation between the percentage of recording these two responses [p=0.005]. Gender and the stimulated ear had no effect on the results. In almost half of these disabled children, both vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and acoustically evoked short latency negative response were recorded. This finding may both indicate that hearing loss has no effect on the function of otolith organs in some children and vestibular deficits probably exist along with hearing impairment in others. This finding reiterates the importance of evaluation of vestibular system as part of standard auditory evaluations
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Temporal resolution refers to the ability of perceiving changes over time. This study was conducted to prepare Persian version of the temporal resolution test, which was first introduced by Phillips [1994] and Stuart [1996], and to obtain its results in 18 to 25 year old normal individuals of both genders. To construct the Persian version of the temporal resolution test, like the original version, speech stimuli, continuous and interrupted noises were used. Speech stimuli comprised four lists of fifty words-monosyllabic lists, which were presented to the right ears first in quietness and then with continuous and interrupted noises on S/Ns of -20, -10, 0, +10 dB. The test was performed on thirty three right handed healthy individuals [14 male and 19 female with the mean age 21.02, SD=1.7 year old] in written response mode. Significant difference was shown between test scores in quiet with each of the continuous [p<0.0001] and interrupted [p@0.0001] noises in four signal to noise ratios, and also between test scores of continuous and interrupted noise presentations [p<0.0001]. No significant correlation was revealed between gender and test scores and age and test score and age in +10 dB S/N ratio. Conducting this test on a group of healthy individuals showed its application for measuring temporal resolution with speech stimuli
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In the present study, the effect of tissue incubation with propranolol on functional antagonism of Zataria multiflora Boiss [Z. multiflora] at muscarinic receptors of tracheal smooth muscle was examined. The effects of three concentrations of aqueous-ethanolic extract, 10 nM atropine, and saline on muscarinic receptors were tested on incubated tracheal smooth muscle with propranolol [n=5]. The EC[50] of all concentration of the extract and atropine was significantly higher than that of saline. There was parallel right ward shift in concentration response curves obtained in the presence of all concentrations of the extract. There was not any significant difference in the maximum response and slope obtained in the presence of different concentrations of extract compared to saline. There was significant positive correlation between the concentrations and the values of EC[50] [p<0.001]. The value of [CR-1] obtained in the presence of highest concentration of the extract was significantly higher than that of atropine [p<0.05]. These results indicated that functional antagonism of Z. multiflora at muscarinic receptors of tracheal smooth muscle was mainly due to beta-adrenoceptor stimulatory effect of plant
Subject(s)
Animals , Trachea/drug effects , Atropine/chemistry , Methacholine Chloride , Receptors, Muscarinic/drug effects , Guinea Pigs , Muscle, SmoothABSTRACT
The dichotic auditory-verbal memory test [DAVMT] is useful in detecting auditory-verbal memory deficits and differences in memory function between the brain hemispheres. The purpose of this study was to prepare the Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test and to obtain its results in 18- to 25 -year old normal individuals of both genders in Iran. The Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test like the original one consisted of 18 lists of ten words. The lists were arranged such that 10 words were presented to one ear, with the reverse words simultaneously were presented to the other ear, constituting a dichotic test situation. After preparing the 18 lists, content validity was assessed by a panel of eight experts and then, the words of each list were recorded on CD in a dichotic mode. Thereafter, it was performed on one hundred and ten normal individuals with ages ranging from 18 to 25 years [mean age: 21.3 SD 1.9 years] and the scores were recorded on a specially designed scoring sheet. There was no significant difference between mean scores of 18 lists of the dichotic auditoryverbal memory test. The overall mean of CVI was 96% for the 18 lists and the mean score of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test was 6.5 SD 1.0 in the normal group. Based on the obtained results, the Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test has a good content validity and can be used in detecting the auditory-verbal memory deficits
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Research conducted since the early 1900s has consistently identified differences between deaf and hearing children on performance of a wide variety of motor tasks, most notably balance. Our study was performed to test static and dynamic balance skills in congenital severe to profound hearing impaired children in comparison with normal age-matched children. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 severe to profound hearing impaired and 40 normal children with age 6 to 10 years old. Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency 2, balance subset with 9 parts was used for evaluation of balance skills. Hearing-impaired children showed 16.7 to 100% fail results in 7 parts of the balance subset. In normal children fail result was revealed just in 3 parts of the balance subset from 2.5 to 57.5%, and differences between two groups were significant [p<0.0001]. There was a significant difference between two groups in two static balance skills of standing on one leg on a line and standing on one leg on a balance beam with eyes closed [p<0.0001]. It seems that development of static balance skills are longer than dynamic ones. Because severe to profound hearing-impaired children showed more weakness than normal children in both static and dynamic balance abilities, functional tests of balance proficiency can help to identify balance disorders in these children
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Balance disturbance is one of the non-auditory effects of noisy industrial environments that is usually neglected. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of occupational noise on vestibular system among workers with noise-induced hearing loss [NIHL], based on both vestibular evoked myogenic potentials [VEMP] and caloric tests. Thirty male workers with noise-induced hearing loss and thirty male matched controls were examined by VEMP and caloric tests. Study parameter included unilateral weakness, p13 and n23 latencies, and p13-n23 amplitude. Caloric test was performed only for 20 patients. No significant difference was observed in unilateral weakness between the two groups. On the other hand, the difference in mean latencies of p13 in the right ear [p= 0.003] and left ear [p=0.01] was significant between the two groups. However, the difference in n23 latency was significant only in the right ear [p=0.03]. There was no significant difference between groups in p13-n23 amplitude. It seems that pars inferior of vestibule is the susceptible part in individuals with NIHL. In general, abnormal findings in both VEMP and caloric tests were more common compared to functional symptoms such as vertigo, which may be due to central compensation and the symmetry of the disorder